A robot can combine sensor observations with motion estimates to determine where it is. The available signals and reference information influence how precisely it can locate itself and maintain that estimate while moving.
Localization is uncertain and can drift or fail when observations are ambiguous or the environment changes. Navigation needs to account for that uncertainty rather than treating every position estimate as exact.
ELI5
Robot localization is how a robot works out where it is and which way it faces. It compares what it senses with information about its surroundings and its recent movement.
For example, a robot in a room might recognize landmarks and use them to check its position. If furniture moves or several places look alike, it may need more evidence before continuing confidently.
Is localization the same as planning a route?
No. Localization estimates the current position; route planning chooses how to reach a destination.
Can a robot's position estimate be wrong?
Yes. Sensor noise, ambiguity and changes in the environment can introduce errors.
